Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
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Online Publication Date: 27 Sept 2013

Two New Ricefishes of the Genus Oryzias (Atherinomorpha: Beloniformes: Adrianichthyidae) Augment the Endemic Freshwater Fish Fauna of Southeastern Sulawesi, Indonesia

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Page Range: 403 – 414
DOI: 10.1643/CI-12-114
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Oryzias asinua and O. wolasi are two new species of ricefishes described from several disjunct inland freshwater habitats in the Indonesian province of Sulawesi Tenggara or southeastern Sulawesi. With O. woworae, the first described endemic ricefish of Sulawesi Tenggara, they comprise a group of small, colorful species characterized by orange to deep red dorsal and ventral margins of the caudal fin and the ventral margin of the caudal peduncle and at least the posterior portion of the base of the anal fin, and a bluish sheen on the body in both sexes that is most pronounced in live adult males. The two new species are distinguished from O. woworae by elongate middle dorsal-fin rays in adult males that reach the posterior extent of the first principal caudal-fin ray and by an orange-colored olfactory epithelium that marks each nasal organ in females. Oryzias asinua is relatively slender compared to O. wolasi and O. woworae: the body is narrow (21–25% SL, with a mean 22.9, in O. asinua versus 23–32% SL, mean 25.3 in O. wolasi and 22–30% SL, mean 26 in O. woworae). Oryzias asinua has fewer procurrent caudal-fin rays in the lower lobe (4–5 versus 5–7 in O. wolasi and 5–6 in O. woworae). Oryzias wolasi is golden in life in both sexes and relatively deep-bodied, reaching 32% SL, and has a deeper caudal peduncle (11–12% SL, mean 11.2, versus 9–11, mean 10, in O. asinua and 8–11, mean 9.2, in O. woworae). Maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference analyses of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) sequence, the DNA barcode, support our hypothesis that we sequenced representatives of three species. All species are allopatric. Description of O. asinua and O. wolasi brings the number of valid species in the beloniform family Adrianichthyidae to 35, 17 of which are endemic to Sulawesi. The two new species are just the second and third ricefishes described from the province of Sulawesi Tenggara, a neglected region in exploration and discovery of the freshwater fish fauna of the Indonesian islands of Sulawesi.

Oryzias asinua dan O. wolasi adalah dua jenis ikan padi yang dideskripsi dari beberapa, habitat air tawar di Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara, Indonesia. Bersama O. woworae, ikan padi pertama dari Sulawesi Tenggara yang telah dideskripsi, ketiganya merupakan kelompok jenis berukuran kecil, berpola warna menarik, jingga hingga merah tua pada sirip punggung, tepi sirip ekor bagian bawah, tepi bawah batang ekor dan pada sedikit bagian belakang dari pangkal sirip anal, semburat sinar kebiruan terlihat pada tubuh ikan jantan dan betina, yang tampak jelas terlihat pada pada ikan jantan dewasa yang masih hidup. Ke dua spesies baru tersebut dapat dibedakan dari O. woworae dari jari-jari lemah sirip punggung bagian tengah pada ikan jantan dewasa, yang memanjang dan mencapai bagian posterior sirip ekor pertama, juga dari warna jingga pada epithelium olfactory yang menandai setiap organ nasal pada betina. Oryzias asinua tinggi tubuhnya relatif lebih kecil dibandingkan O. wolasi dan O. woworae: tubuhnya pendek (21–25% SL, rata-rata 22.9% pada O. asinua vs 23–32% SL, rata-rata pada O. wolasi dan 22–30% SL, rata-rata 26% pada O. woworae). Oryzias asinua memiliki lebih sedikit jari lemah tambahan pada cuping ekor bagian bawah (4–5 vs 5–7 pada O. wolasi dan 5–6 pada O. woworae). Pada saat masih hidup Oryzias wolasi berwarna keemasan baik pada jantan dan betina, tubuhnya relatif tinggi, mencapai 32% SL, dan batang ekor lebih tinggi (11–12% SL, rata-rata 11.2 vs 9–11, rata-rata 10, pada O. asinua dan 8–11, rata-rata 9.2, pada O. woworae).Maksimum parsimony dan analisa Bayesian inference pada sekuens mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) atau sekuens DNA barcode selaras dengan hipotesis kami yang mensekuen sampel dari ketiga spesies tersebut. Ketiga spesies ini bersifat allopatrik. Dengan deskripsi dari O.asinua dan O.wolasi maka spesies valid pada beloniform famili Adrianichthyidae menjadi 35, 17 diantaranya endemik di Sulawesi. Dua spesies baru adalah ikan padi kedua dan ketiga yang dideskripsikan dari Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara, wilayah yang terabaikan dari eksplorasi dan penemuan fauna ikan air tawar di Sulawesi, salah satu dari kepulauan di Indonesia.

Copyright: 2013 by the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.

Live adult males, photographed just after capture, of the three described ricefishes from Sulawesi Tenggara. Top: Oryzias asinua, new species, paratype, USNM 406788. Middle: O. wolasi, new species, paratype, USNM 403660. Bottom: Oryzias woworae, topotype, USNM 399429. All individuals are approximately 24–25 mm SL.


Fig. 2.
Fig. 2.

Localities of the Oryzias woworae-species group from Sulawesi Tenggara. O. asinua: circle with cross, type and only known locality (3°42′77.2″S, 121°47′92.1″E); O. wolasi: open and solid circles, open circle is type locality (4°15′05.2″S, 122°29′03.0″E); O. woworae: star, type and only known locality. See text for further details on these collection localities.


Fig. 3.
Fig. 3.

The 50% majority-rule consensus tree of a maximum parsimony analysis of the COI region among representative populations of each species in the O. woworae group, and ricefishes O. celebensis and O. javanicus. The gonorhynchiform, Chanos chanos, a distant outgroup, was used to root the tree. Numbers at nodes represent bootstrap support. Branch length is arbitrary. See text for further details.


Fig. 4.
Fig. 4.

The consensus tree of the Bayesian inference analysis of the COI region among the same representative populations of each species in the O. woworae group, and ricefishes O. celebensis and O. javanicus as in Figure 3. The gonorhynchiform, Chanos chanos, a distant outgroup, was used to root the tree. Numbers at nodes represent posterior probabilities. Branch length is arbitrary. See text for further details.


Fig. 5.
Fig. 5.

Color photographs of preserved holotypes. Top: Oryzias asinua, new species, MZB 20782, holotype, male, 26.8 mm SL. Middle: Oryzias wolasi, new species, MZB 20784, holotype, male, 24.8 mm SL. Bottom: Oryzias woworae, MZB 15398, holotype, male, 25 mm SL.


Fig. 6.
Fig. 6.

Live adult females, photographed just after capture, of the three described ricefishes from Sulawesi Tenggara. Top: Oryzias asinua, new species, paratype, USNM 406788. Middle: Oryzias wolasi, new species, paratype, USNM 403660. Bottom: Oryzias woworae, topotype, USNM 399429. All individuals are approximately 23–24 mm SL.


Fig. 7.
Fig. 7.

Sungai Asinua at the village of Asipako (3°42′77.2″S, 121°47′92.1″E), District of Asinua, near where crossed by bridge, type locality of O. asinua.


Fig. 8.
Fig. 8.

Sungai Andambao near where crossed by road at the village of Andambao (4°15′05.2″S, 122°29′03.0″E), District of Wolasi, type locality of O. wolasi.


Contributor Notes

Associate Editor: D. Buth.

Received: 19 Sept 2012
Accepted: 17 Jan 2013
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