A New Species of Psalidodon (Characiformes: Acestrorhamphidae) from the Upper Rio São Francisco Basin, Brazil, with Comments on Hasemania
A new species of Psalidodon without an adipose fin and with an interrupted lateral line and scaleless caudal fin is described from a marshland area in headwater tributaries of Rio Paraopeba, Rio São Francisco basin, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The new species can be promptly distinguished from all members of the Acestrorhamphidae by the presence of an ossified canal segment on the dorsal portion of the preopercular laterosensory canal running across the posterodorsal tip of the fourth infraorbital and posterior portion of the fifth infraorbital (vs. preopercular laterosensory canal lacking an ossified canal segment in the fourth and fifth infraorbitals). The new species fits the classical definition of the genus Hasemania; however, a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis carried out herein to assess its phylogenetic relationships revealed it as the sister group of Psalidodon crenuchoides, new combination. Further, both species are deeply nested within the genus Psalidodon, as recently redefined, which led to the generic reallocation of the latter. Comments on the phylogenetic position of the new species, as well as its conservation status, are presented. Uma nova espécie de Psalidodon sem nadadeira adiposa, com linha lateral interrompida e nadadeira caudal sem escamas é descrita de áreas pantanosas de afluentes de cabeceira do rio Paraopeba, bacia do rio São Francisco, Minas Gerais, Brasil. A nova espécie pode ser prontamente distinguida de todos os membros de Acestrorhamphidae por apresentar um segmento de canal ossificado da porção dorsal do canal laterossensorial pré-opercular passando pela extremidade póstero-dorsal do quarto infraorbital e porção posterior do quinto infraorbital (vs. canal laterossensorial pré-opercular sem um segmento de canal ossificado no quarto e quinto infraorbitais). A nova espécie se enquadra na definição clássica do gênero Hasemania, no entanto, uma análise filogenética abrangente realizada para avaliar suas relações filogenéticas revelou tratar-se do grupo irmão de Psalidodon crenuchoides, nova combinação, e que ambas espécies estão profundamente aninhadas dentro do gênero Psalidodon, como recentemente redefinido, o que levou à realocação genérica da última. Comentários sobre a posição filogenética da nova espécie, bem como seu status de conservação, são apresentados.

Psalidodon crenuchoides, ZUEC 9213, male, 45.2 mm SL.

Psalidodon pessalii. (A) Preserved holotype, ZUEC 18283, male, 41.5 mm SL; (B) freshly collected paratype, ZUEC 6387, SL uncertain.

Psalidodon pessalii, ZUEC 6387, paratype, 47.0 mm SL: lateral view of infraorbitals, opercle, and rear of skull showing ossified canal segment of the dorsal portion of the preopercular laterosensory canal running across the posterodorsal tip of fourth infraorbital and posterior portion of fifth infraorbital (white arrows). Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

Map of the headwaters of Rio São Francisco basin, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, showing the known distribution of Psalidodon pessalii. Type locality: red star.

Type locality of Psalidodon pessalii at Córrego Vila Rica. (A) Type locality at the time of the collection of the type series (March 2011); (B) type locality ten years afterward, showing increase in water turbidity, siltation of the stream channel, and landfill of adjacent swampland (April 2021). Collection site: white asterisks.

Phylogenetic relationships of Psalidodon pessalii in the tribe Gymnocharacini, as obtained from the phylogenetic analysis under parsimony and extended implied weighting (SEP; K = 70; fit = 476.50681; length = 70,435 steps). Support expressed as GC values (differences of frequencies “group present/contradicted”). Length of branches represents the number of synapomorphies. See Data Accessibility for tree file.
Contributor Notes
Associate Editor: R. E. Reis