Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
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Online Publication Date: 21 Feb 2008

Phylogenetic Position of Porthidium Hespere (Viperidae: Crotalinae) and Phylogeography of Arid-Adapted Hognosed Pitvipers Based on Mitochondrial DNA

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Page Range: 172 – 178
DOI: 10.1643/CH-07-043
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Abstract

Gaps in recent studies of hognosed pit vipers in the genus Porthidium have left researchers with an incomplete estimate of the evolutionary history of this group. Mitochondrial DNA sequence data from the poorly known P. hespere and additional Porthidium sequences obtained from GenBank were used to re-analyze the phylogenetic relationships of Porthidium. Using sequence data from the South American Porthidium, we also updated a previous molecular clock calibration based on the uplift of the Isthmus of Panamá, and utilized this updated calibration to evaluate the phylogeography of arid-adapted Porthidium. Results from Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo phylogenetic methods underscore the historical pattern of bi-directional dispersal into and out of South America within Porthidium, and place P. hespere as the sister species to P. dunni. The three species of arid-adapted Porthidium distributed across the Pacific coast of southern Mexico and northern Central America may have diverged in the late Miocene after the enlargement of the Río Balsas drainage following the formation of the Mexican Transvolcanic Belt and the volcanic uplifting across the Chiapan–Guatemalan highlands.

Debido a la ausencia de algunas especies en los estudios recientes de las nauyacas nariz de cerdo del género Porthidium, los investigadores no tienen una estimación completa de la historia evolutiva de este grupo. Se utilizaron nuevas secuencias de ADN mitocondrial de la poco conocida P. hespere y otras secuencias obtenidas de GenBank para reanalizar las relaciones filogenéticas de Porthidium. Usando secuencias de Porthidium sudamericanas, también se actualizó una calibración previa del reloj molecular basada en la elevación del Istmo de Panamá, y esta calibración actualizada se utilizó para evaluar la filogeografía de las especies de Porthidium adaptadas a la aridez. Los resultados de los métodos filogenéticos Bayesianos Markov chain Monte Carlo enfatizan el patrón histórico de dispersión bidireccional hacia y desde Sudamérica en Porthidium, y ubican a P. hespere como especie hermana de P. dunni. Las tres especies de Porthidium adaptadas a la aridez de la costa Pacífica del sur de México y norte de Centroamérica podrían haber divergido en el Mioceno tardío después del ensanchamiento del drenaje del Río Balsas que siguió a la formación del Eje Neovolcánico y la elevación volcánica de las tierras altas de Chiapas y Guatemala.

Copyright: 2008 by the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists
Figure 1
Figure 1

Distribution of arid-adapted Porthidium (Porthidium hespere, P. dunni, and P. ophryomegas) in Mexico and northwestern Central America (modified from Campbell and Lamar, 2004). Known localities of P. hespere are depicted by dots: 1) 19.2 km NE Tecomán, Colima (type-locality; Campell, 1976); 2) Playa Colola, Michoacán (Alvarado-Díaz et al., 1997); 3) near El Faro de Bucerias, on Hwy. 200, Michoacán; 4) near Maruata, on Hwy. 200, Michoacán; and 5) near Arteaga, Michoacán (Mendoza-Cardenas et al., in press). Arrows point to the positions of geographical barriers isolating P. hespere from P. dunni (A: the Río Balsas drainage that forms the Michoacán–Guerrero border), and P. dunni from P. ophryomegas (B: the Chiapan–Guatemalan highlands along the Pacific coast).


Figure 2
Figure 2

Bayesian inference phylogram based on the sequences of part of the mitochondrial ND4 and cyt-b genes. Numbers at nodes indicate Bayesian posterior probabilities. Nodal posterior probabilities of 100% are indicated by gray-filled circles. Branch lengths are drawn in proportion to the amount of changes. Letters on nodes correspond to divergence times listed in Table 2.


Contributor Notes

Section Editor: D. Kizirian.

School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4004, e-mail: brysonjr@unlv.nevada.edu Send reprint requests to this address.
Museo de Zoología “Alfonso L. Herrera,” Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior s/n, Cd. Universitaria, México 04510, Distrito Federal, México
Calle del Parque #468, Colonia Chapalita, Zapopan, Jalisco, México 45042
Received: 13 Feb 2007
Accepted: 14 Aug 2007
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