Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
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Online Publication Date: 01 Dec 2006

Sexual Dimorphism in Apteronotus Bonapartii (Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae)

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Page Range: 826 – 833
DOI: 10.1643/0045-8511(2006)6[826:SDIABG]2.0.CO;2
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Abstract

Here we document sexual dimorphism in both external measurements of the head and discrete features of the skull in Apteronotus bonapartii. To quantify morphological variation in A. bonapartii, ten external morphometric measurements were taken from the head and body of 58 individuals. By using Discriminant Function Analysis, we found that the best predictors for distinguishing sexes are the body depth, snout length, and the distance from the tip of the lower jaw to rictus (i.e., the gape length). Two measurements showed significant differences between males and females: supraoccipital to base of dorsal thong and tip of the lower jaw to rictus. Most skeletal elements were found to be similar between males and females; however, in males some elements of the skull roof (e.g., frontal) and suspensorium (e.g., endopterygoid) are elongate relative to females, and the lateral ethmoid is more obliquely positioned. In females, the dentary and anguloarticular are relatively deep and come together in a sharp angle dorsally, giving the lower jaw an almost triangular shape; in males the dorsal margin of the lower jaw is smoothly arched.

No presente trabalho nós documentamos o dimorfismo sexual em Apteronotus bonapartii utilizando medidas externas e características do crânio. Para quantificar a variação morfológica em A. bonapartii, dez medidas morfométricas foram obtidas da cabeça e corpo de 58 indivíduos. Através da Análise de Função Discriminante, os melhores preditores para distinguir machos e fêmeas foram a altura da cavidade abdominal, comprimento do focinho, e distância da mandíbula ao rictus. Na Análise de Covariância, duas medidas mostraram diferenças significativas entre machos e fêmeas: a altura do corpo na base do supraoccipital e mandíbula ao rictus. A maioria dos elementos do crânio dos machos e fêmeas são similares. Entretanto, em machos alguns elementos do crânio (e.g., frontal) e suspensório (e.g., endopterigóide) são alongados, em comparação com as fêmeas. Em machos, o etmóide lateral é posicionado mais oblíquamente do que nas fêmeas. Em fêmeas o dentário e o ânguloarticular têm maior altura e proporcionam uma forma quase triangular na porção anterior da mandíbula, onde em machos a margem dorsal da mandíbula é levemente arqueada.

Copyright: 2006 by the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists
Figure 1
Figure 1

Specimens of Apteronotus bonapartii shown in left lateral view.

(A) Female (INPA 16067). (B) Short snouted male (INPA 16058). (C) Long snouted male (INPA 13997). Scale bar equals 5 cm. Anterior facing left in all.


Figure 2
Figure 2

Discriminant Function Axis 1 and Discriminant Function Axis 2 of 58 specimens of Apteronotus bonapartii derived from DFA of the ten morphometric body measurements.

Males are indicated by filled circles, females by open squares, and the immature specimen by a star.


Figure 3
Figure 3

Two variables plotted against the first principal component for 58 specimens of Apteronotus bonapartii.


Figure 4
Figure 4

Schematic representations of the skull roof and neurocranium of Apteronotus bonapartii in lateral view, standardized for the distance between the basioccipital and the posterior margin of the foramen cranial nerve VII (following Albert, 2001:figs. 14–17); anterior facing left.

From top to bottom, specimens are a female, a short snouted male, and a long snouted male. The two lines toward the front of the specimens connect the very anterior tip of the ethmoid region and the posterior extent of the lateral ethmoid (highlighted in gray). The obliqueness of these lines graphically indicates the degree of difference between specimens.


Figure 5
Figure 5

Schematic representation of the suspensorium and opercular series of Apteronotus bonapartii in lateral view, standardized for the width of the dorsal head of the hyomandibula, anterior facing left.

From top to bottom, specimens are a female, a short snouted male, and a long snouted male. The two lines toward the front of the specimens connect the very anterior tip of the endopterygoid (highlighted in gray) and the posterodorsal tip of the endopterygoid process. The obliqueness of these lines graphically indicates the degree of difference between specimens.


Figure 6
Figure 6

Left lower jaws of Apteronotus bonapartii in lateral (above) and medial (below) views.

(A) Female (INPA 16069). (B) Short snouted male (INPA 16067). (C) Long snouted male (INPA 16062a). Cartilage shown in black. Anterior facing left in all (medial views reversed). Abbreviations: aap, anterolateral process of the anguloarticular; ang-art, anguloarticular; cm, coronomeckelian; d, dentary; mc, Meckel's cartilage; mcn, bony ossicles of the mandibular sensory canal; rar, retroarticular.


Contributor Notes

(EJH) GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT, FIELDMUSEUM, 1400 SOUTH LAKE SHORE DRIVE, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60605;

Received: 14 Jul 2005
Accepted: 08 May 2006
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