A New Forest-Dwelling Frog Species of the Genus Adenomera (Leptodactylidae) from Northwestern Brazilian Amazonia
We describe a new species of the South American frog genus Adenomera, based on external morphology, color patterns, advertisement call, and mtDNA sequences. The new species was collected from the Japurá River basin in northwestern Brazilian Amazonia and is distinguished from all congeners by the combination of large snout–vent length (SVL), toe tips unexpanded, presence of antebrachial tubercle on underside of forearm, and by a multi-note advertisement call composed of non-pulsed notes. This new species is part of the A. lutzi clade together with a candidate new species known as Adenomera sp. P and A. lutzi. The three species have the largest SVL in the genus. The presence of toe tips fully expanded and a single-note advertisement call distinguish A. lutzi from the new species. Acoustic and morphological data are still required to assess the taxonomic identity of Adenomera sp. P. Our new species of Adenomera is the third anuran species described from the Solimões-Japurá interfluve. This flags this poorly known region of lowland forests as an important area of species richness in northwestern Amazonia.
Map of northwest South America showing the known localities for the three species of the Adenomera lutzi clade. The map corresponds to the area delimited in red on the inset (hypsometric map of South America). Yellow symbols = A. glauciae, new species, in the Solimões-Japurá interfluve: the black-dotted symbol represents the type locality located within the limits of ESEC Juami-Japurá (delimited by a red outline); white triangle = Adenomera sp. P in the department of Vaupés, southeastern Colombia; red dots = A. lutzi in highlands of Guayana Esequiba territory.
Phylogenetic hypothesis inferred from a maximum-likelihood analysis (ln = –32684.232060) of concatenated DNA sequences (1,300 bp of 16S and COI) of Adenomera (only the A. lutzi clade were kept fully expanded) and closely related genera. Numbers on branches are bootstrap percentages of 1,000 pseudoreplicates. Vouchers are indicated on terminals. Scale bar corresponds to the number of nucleotide substitutions per site. See Data Accessibility for tree file.
A male paratype of Adenomera glauciae, new species (MCP 13891, SVL = 27.6 mm), photographed in life at the type locality (Igarapé da Fartura, ESEC Juami-Japurá, state of Amazonas, northern Brazil). (A, B) Dorsolateral and ventral view, respectively.
Dorsal and ventral body of (A–B) the holotype (MCP 13880, male, SVL = 29.3 mm) and (C–D) a female paratype (CFBH 44856, SVL = 30.9 mm) of Adenomera glauciae, new species, from the type locality in northwestern Brazilian Amazonia, and (E–F) a male A. lutzi from Guayana Esequiba territory (MZUSP 150801, SVL = 30.3 mm; see Material Examined for locality data). Note the difference between species in color patterns of hindlimbs. Scale bars = 5 mm.
Lateral view of (A) the holotype of Adenomera glauciae, new species (MCP 13880, male), and (B) a female paratype (CFBH 44856). Scale bar = 5 mm.
(A) Hand and (B) foot of the holotype of Adenomera glauciae, new species (MCP 13880, male). (C) Hand and (D) foot of A. lutzi from Guayana Esequiba territory (MZUSP 150801, male). (E–F) Hands of two male paratypes of A. glauciae, new species (CFBH 44855 and MCP 13891, respectively). Note the difference between species in toe tip development in toes II–IV (slightly expanded in the new species; fully expanded in A. lutzi). White arrows indicate antebrachial tubercles. Scale bars = 1 mm.
Advertisement calls of (A–D) Adenomera glauciae, new species, from ESEC-Juami Japurá in northwestern Brazilian Amazonia, and (E–H) A. lutzi from Guayana Esequiba territory (see Kok et al., 2007 for detailed locality data). (A, E) Time sections showing approximately 20 s of calling: (A) a 31-note call recorded from the holotype (MCP 13880) and (E) a section containing ten single-note calls from recording IRSNB13955. (B–D, F–H) Oscillograms, spectrograms, and amplitude spectra of one call note (all equally scaled). (B–D) Call note recorded from the paratype MCP 13891. Amplitude (y-axis) of oscillograms (A–B, E–F) represented in arbitrary units.