A New Amazonian Species of the Diminutive Frog Genus Adelophryne (Anura: Brachycephaloidea: Eleutherodactylidae) from the State of Amapá, Northern Brazil
During recent field expeditions to an Amazonian region in eastern Guiana Shield (Serra do Navio, state of Amapá, northern Brazil), we collected and recorded calls of a species of Adelophryne, a diminutive leaf-litter-dwelling, direct-developing frog genus. After a careful integrative taxonomic evaluation using morphological, molecular, and bioacoustic data, we concluded that the series of specimens collected represent a new taxon, which we describe herein. The new species of Adelophryne is distinguished from all ten congeners by the following combination of character states: (1) male SVL = 12.5 mm; female SVL = 13.0–14.4 mm; (2) tympanic membrane present; (3) tympanic annulus present, incomplete; (4) vomerine teeth absent; (5) finger terminal discs absent; (6) tips of Fingers I–IV mucronate; (7) finger pads present (formula 1–1–2–1); (8) three phalanges in Finger IV; (9) dorsum smooth; (10) cloacal flap absent; (11) multi-note advertisement call composed of non-pulsed notes; (12) the call dominant frequency (4,802–5,706 Hz) coincides with the fundamental harmonic. Our study describes the eleventh species of Adelophryne, and, despite the increase in taxonomic knowledge within the past few years, there are still some species in the genus lacking a formal taxonomic description.
The 50% majority rule consensus tree from Bayesian inference of mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene (16S) showing the relationships within the species of Adelophryne. Numbers above branches indicate posterior probabilities and numbers below branches indicate maximum likelihood non-parametric bootstrap values. Asterisks stand for fully supported clades, and we only show support of species level and above. Branch lengths are given in substitutions per site. See Data Accessibility for tree file.
Preserved holotype of Adelophryne amapaensis (adult male, CFBH 43257). (A) Dorsal and (B) ventral views of the body; (C) lateral view of the head; (D) ventral view of the hand; and (E) ventral view of the foot. Scale bars equal to 2 mm (A–B) and 0.5 mm (C–E).
X-ray images of the (A) hand (CFBH 43267) and (B) foot (CFBH 43270) and (C) dorsal view of the cleared and double-stained left hand of Adelophryne amapaensis (CFBH 44897). Note the three phalanges in Finger IV. Arrows indicate the separation between phalanges.
Dorsolateral (A) and ventral (B) views of the holotype of Adelophryne amapaensis (CFBH 43257; SVL = 12.5 mm) in life.
Advertisement call of Adelophryne amapaensis from the type locality (Serra do Navio, Amapá, Brazil). (A) Time-domain section containing two calls; (B) spectrogram and oscillogram of the multi-note call highlighted in A, formed by five non-pulsed notes; (C–D) waveform and spectrogram with corresponding amplitude spectrum, respectively, of the fourth note (=the amplitude peak in the call) highlighted in B. Some notes of the second call in A are clipped and thus excluded from the acoustic analysis.
Type locality of Adelophryne amapaensis (black square): Parque Natural Municipal do Cancão, municipality of Serra do Navio, state of Amapá, Brazil. Elevation 100 m above sea level.
Contributor Notes
Associate Editor: B. Stuart.