Thermal Ecology of Spotted Turtles (Clemmys guttata) in Two Southern Populations
The ecology of many ectotherms depends heavily on their ability to navigate the surrounding thermal environment in a manner that maintains body temperature (Tb) within or near some optimal temperature range at least some of the time. From April–December 2016, we measured shell temperatures (Ts) and water temperatures (Tw) in two Spotted Turtle (Clemmys guttata) populations in southeastern Georgia using iButton temperature loggers. We attached radio transmitters and iButtons to the carapace of adult Spotted Turtles (n = 18 and 11 in each population, respectively) in early spring. Temperature loggers recorded a Ts measurement every 90 minutes (accuracy = 0.5°C), and we restricted our analyses to temperatures recorded between sunrise and sunset. Monthly mean Ts ranged from 12.3±3.4 to 27.1±2.7°C (SD), and seasonal variation accounted for a majority of the observed variation in temperatures. We found a strong positive correlation between weekly mean Ts and weekly mean Tw at one site that remained flooded throughout the study (P < 0.0001, R2 = 0.99). Tw could not be measured at the other site because it dried completely early in the study. Spotted Turtles did occasionally (<5% of total temperature observations) bask to raise Ts above that of the surrounding Tw. Gravid females achieved significantly higher daily maximum temperatures (26.2°C) than males (24.5°C) during the four weeks surrounding egg development (P = 0.043). In general, Spotted Turtles at the southern end of their range appear to spend a majority of their time conforming to environmental temperatures that often fall within the preferred range for the species.
Water and shell temperatures for Spotted Turtles (Clemmys guttata) at two sites in southeastern Georgia (Site 1 on top and Site 2 on bottom). Temperature measurements were recorded every 90 minutes during the time between sunrise and sunset, and mean, minimum, and maximum temperatures were calculated daily. Light gray shading represents minimum and maximum water temperatures, and dark gray shading represents minimum and maximum shell temperatures. At Site 2, water was only available until 27 April and then from 1–14 June (represented by vertical lines). Measurements outside of these dates represent air temperatures.
Relationship between weekly mean water temperatures and weekly mean shell temperatures in a Spotted Turtle (Clemmys guttata) population from southeastern Georgia (P < 0.0001, R2 = 0.99). Each point represents a single weekly mean value.
Shell and water temperatures were measured every 90 minutes with temperature loggers and were used to identify potential basking events in a population of Spotted Turtles (Clemmys guttata) from southeastern Georgia. Potential basking events were defined as times when the shell temperature was 3°C above the maximum water temperature for that timestamp (A). The total number of potential basking events in the population was summed across time and by sex (B).
Mean male and female shell temperatures observed in two Spotted Turtle (Clemmys guttata) populations from southeastern Georgia over a nine-month period.
Contributor Notes
Associate Editor: J. D. Litzgus.