Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
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Online Publication Date: 04 Oct 2017

Size, Endurance, or Parental Care Performance? Male–Male Competition, Female Choice, and Non-Random Mating Pattern in the Glassfrog Centrolene savagei

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Page Range: 575 – 583
DOI: 10.1643/CE-17-591
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Previous work has shown that Centrolene savagei is unique among the more than 150 species in the family Centrolenidae in demonstrating large-male mating advantage. However, it is still unknown whether non-random mating in this species is mediated by intrasexual and/or intersexual selection. To disentangle the effect of these selective pressures on mating pattern in this species, we monitored the breeding behavior of individuals in a population located in the department of Quindío, Central Andes of Colombia. We conducted diurnal and nocturnal surveys each weekend between February and July of 2016 in which we documented morphological (i.e., body size) and behavioral (i.e., chorus tenure, parental-care behavior) characteristics of males to determine their relationship with mating success. We corroborated that in this population of C. savagei, larger males obtain a higher number of mates than do smaller males; male body size co-varies positively with chorus tenure and drives this mating pattern. Male body size was not related to higher fertilization efficiency of eggs laid by females, or a higher survival of embryos in clutches cared for by them. In sum, the higher mating success of larger males in the glassfrog C. savagei seems most strongly related to a mechanism of endurance rivalry competition (intrasexual selection) than female choice (intersexual selection) based on egg fertilization efficiency or parental care quality.

De las aproximadamente 150 especies de ranas de cristal que conforman la familia Centrolenidae, solo en Centrolene savagei se ha observado que machos grandes tienen más probabilidad de aparearse que machos pequeños. Sin embargo, se desconoce si esto se debe a selección intrasexual y/o selección intersexual. Con el objetivo de describir el patrón de apareo en esta especie de rana de cristal y sus posibles causas, monitoreamos el comportamiento reproductivo de machos y hembras de C. savagei en una población ubicada en el departamento del Quindío, Andes Centrales de Colombia. Se realizó un muestreo diurno y dos nocturnos cada semana durante cinco meses comprendidos entre febrero y julio de 2016, en los cuales documentamos características morfológicas de los machos (e.g., tamaño corporal) y conductuales (e.g., actividad de canto, cuidado parental) para determinar su relación con el éxito de apareo de los individuos. Corroboramos que en esta población de C. savagei, los machos de mayor tamaño corporal están activos un mayor número de noches, lo cual se relacionó significativamente con el número de parejas que obtienen. Sin embargo, este patrón de apareo se debe principalmente a que el tamaño corporal de los machos covaría con el número de noches en que están activos cantando. Por otra parte, el tamaño corporal de los machos no se relacionó con una mayor eficiencia en fertilización de huevos dejados por las hembras ni con una mayor sobrevivencia de los embriones en las posturas que cuidan. Todo lo anterior, indica que en C. savagei los machos grandes exhiben un mayor éxito de apareo que los machos pequeños, debido principalmente a un mecanismo de competencia intrasexual conocido como rivalidad por resistencia, y no a preferencias de apareo por las hembras basadas en beneficios de eficiencia de fertilización de sus huevos o de la calidad de los machos como padres.

Copyright: © 2017 by the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists
<bold>Fig. 1. </bold>
Fig. 1. 

Left: Geographical distribution of Centrolene savagei in Central and Western Andes of Colombia, South America. Historical records (black dots) were obtained from the literature (Ruiz-Carranza and Lynch, 1991, 1997; Cadavid et al., 2005; Palacio-Baena et al., 2006; Rojas-Morales et al., 2011; Vargas-Salinas et al., 2011, 2014; Escobar-Lasso and Rojas-Morales, 2012; Díaz-Gutiérrez et al., 2013); the study area (La Aldea) is represented by the red dot. Right: Image of the creek where individuals and oviposition sites were found.


<bold>Fig. 2. </bold>
Fig. 2. 

Example of patterns of white dots on the rostrum of individuals of Centrolene savagei, used for individual identification and monitoring.


<bold>Fig. 3. </bold>
Fig. 3. 

Reproductive skew among 40 males in the glassfrog Centrolene savagei.


<bold>Fig. 4. </bold>
Fig. 4. 

Positive relationship between male body size (A) and chorus tenure (B) with the number of matings obtained. Axes on plot A were transformed using the formula Ln(X+1) to improve fit of data to a linear model. Chorus tenure = 0 in plot B refers to males that were not recorded calling or in a corporal posture suggesting calling predisposition despite the fact that some of them mated one or twice. In both plots the line represents the best adjustment to the central tendency of data (i.e., minimum squares sum). In plot B there are overlapping dots.


<bold>Fig. 5. </bold>
Fig. 5. 

Oviposition and parental care in the glassfrog Centrolene savagei. After oviposition (A), the male begins to cover the egg clutch with his body (B). After several days, males exhibit an upright posture and calling behavior while caring for eggs (C). A male covering the younger of two egg clutches with his body (D).


<bold>Fig. 6. </bold>
Fig. 6. 

Male body size and parental care performance are not related in the glassfrog Centrolene savagei. Relationship from father's perspective (A) and from mother's perspective (B); see methodology section for details.


Contributor Notes

Associate Editor: C. Bevier.

Received: 18 Feb 2017
Accepted: 17 May 2017
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