Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
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Online Publication Date: 10 Jun 2016

The First Parthenogenetic Pleurodont Iguanian: A New All-female Liolaemus (Squamata: Liolaemidae) from Western Argentina

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Page Range: 487 – 497
DOI: 10.1643/CH-15-381
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Vertebrate taxa with entirely unisexual populations are composed of females that reproduce without fertilization and are generally of hybrid origin. At least 23 vertebrate families have unisexual lineages. Within squamate reptiles, >40 uniparental species have been described from five major lineages: acrodont iguanians, Gekkota, Serpentes, Scincomorpha, and Varanidae. Pleurodont iguanians include >1100 species, all of which have gonochoristic reproduction. Here we report the discovery of a new unisexual lizard from the liolaemid genus Liolaemus, a species-rich (∼260 species) clade distributed over most of southern South American. The new species, Liolaemus parthenos, is the only known all-female triploid pleurodont iguanian. The structural chromosome heteromorphisms of the karyotypes support the hypothesis that L. parthenos is the product of a hybrid origin. Based on morphology, the new species is assignable to the L. boulengeri group (sensu Abdala, 2007), and phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial DNA indicate that L. parthenos is nested within L. darwinii, suggesting that the latter is the maternal ancestor of this species. Additional data are needed to identify the patrilineal ancestor.

Los taxones de vertebrados con poblaciones totalmente unisexuales se componen de hembras que se reproducen sin fecundación y son generalmente de origen híbrido. Al menos 23 familias de vertebrados tienen linajes unisexuales. Dentro de los reptiles escamosos, se han descrito >40 especies uniparentales pertenecientes a cinco grandes linajes: iguanios acrodontes, Gekkota, Serpentes, Scincomorpha y Varanidae. Los iguanios pleurodontes incluyen >1100 especies, las cuales todas tienen reproducción gonocórica. Aquí presentamos el descubrimiento de un nuevo lagarto unisexual del género Liolaemus, clado con gran riqueza especifica (∼260 especies) distribuido en casi todo el sur de América del Sur. La nueva especie, Liolaemus parthenos, es la única conocida con hembras triploides entre los iguanios pleurodontes. Los heteromorfismos cromosómicos estructurales de sus cariotipos apoyan la hipótesis de que L. parthenos es producto de un origen híbrido. Basado en la morfología, la nueva especie es asignable al grupo de L. boulengeri (sensu Abdala, 2007) y el análisis filogenético de ADN mitocondrial indica que L. parthenos está anidada dentro de L. darwinii, lo que sugiere que este último es el antepasado matrilineal de esta especie. Se necesitan más datos para identificar su antepasado patrilineal.

<bold>Fig. 1. </bold>
Fig. 1. 

Dorsal (A) and lateral (B) views of the holotype (FML 16221) of Liolaemus parthenos, new species, from the type locality in San Rafael Department, Mendoza Province, Argentina.


<bold>Fig. 2. </bold>
Fig. 2. 

Map showing known localities of Liolaemus parthenos, new species (black circles), in San Rafael Department, Mendoza Province, Argentina. Arrow indicates the type locality.


<bold>Fig. 3. </bold>
Fig. 3. 

Karyotype (left) and pair carrier of nucleolus organizer regions (right) for Liolaemus parthenos, new species.


<bold>Fig. 4. </bold>
Fig. 4. 

Phylogenetic hypotheses for 31 species of Liolaemus emphasizing species in the L. boulengeri group (stars) based on 1776 aligned base pairs of mtDNA sequence data. (A) Phylogeny based on Bayesian inference showing branch lengths proportional to evolutionary change and branch support represented as Bayesian credibility values below each node. (B) Cladogram based on a maximum parsimony analysis showing bootstrap and jackknife values above and below each clade, respectively. Retention index (RI): 0.796, consistency index (CI): 0.490. Photos show species of Liolaemus inferred by both analyses to be closely related to L. parthenos, new species.


<bold>Fig. 5. </bold>
Fig. 5. 

Macrochromosome idiograms for Liolaemus parthenos, new species, and its hypothetical parental species.


Contributor Notes

Associate Editor: B. Stuart.

Received: 05 Dec 2014
Accepted: 07 Dec 2015
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